In the religion of Islam, the Quran and Hadith are considered the principal sources of legislation, and they comprise a large amount of knowledge in an unstructured textual form. Islamic texts are organized in such a way that automatic exploitation is both challenging and difficult to achieve. Lately, researchers have been interested in developing a formal description of Qur’an and Hadith semantics based on ontologies to allow computer systems to leverage their knowledge. The main problem in this field is the lack of a complete ontology that allows for a thorough understanding of Islamic texts. In this article, we attempted to solve this problem by developing an ontology covering the maximum amount of data possible. For the Hadith ontology, we opted for a method using only protégé plugins, where we based our work on Comma-Separated Values (CSV) files containing Hadith texts in Arabic and English with all the related data. This method allowed us to ensure the correctness of the results. The final result of this research is a complete Hadith ontology containing a total of 6 classes and 58 487 individuals, of which 34 373 are Hadiths in Arabic and English, with all the related data such as the list of narrators, the book, the chapter mentioned, and the topic it discusses. To further extend the ontology, we merged the Hadith ontology with full pre-existing Qur’an ontologies to build the OntoDin ontology, representing the Islamic texts with 51 classes and 168 122 individuals in Arabic and English.

[1] Abdelkader A., Najeeb M., Alnamari M., and Malik H., “Creation of Arabic Ontology for Hadith Science,” International Journal of Advanced Trends in Computer Science and Engineering, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 3269-3276 2019. DOI:10.30534/ijatcse/2019/96862019

[2] Aldhlan K., Zeki A., and Zeki A., “Data Mining and Islamic Knowledge Extraction: Hadith as A Knowledge Resource,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology for the Moslem World, Jakarta, pp. 21-25, 2010. DOI:10.1109/ICT4M.2010.5971934

[3] Al-Masri M. and AlAgha I., An Ontology-based Approach to Enhance Information Retrieval from Al-Shamelah Digital Library, Master Thesis, Islamic University-Gaza, 2015. https://search.emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-610572- an-ontology-based-approach-to-enhance- information-retrieval-

[4] Al-Rumkhania A., Al-Razganb M., and Al-Faris A., “TibbOnto: Knowledge Representation of Prophet Medicine (Tibb Al-Nabawi),” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 82, pp. 138-142, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.04.021

[5] Al-Yahya M., Al-Khalifa H., Bahanshal A., Al- Odah I., and Al-Helwa N., “An Ontological Model for Representing Semantic Lexicons: An Application on Time Nouns in the Holy Qur’an,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 21-35, 2010. file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/An_Ontological_ Model_for_Representing_Semantic_Lex.pdf

[6] Azmi A. and Bin Badia N., “e-Narrator-An Application for Creating an Ontology of Hadiths Narration Tree Semantically and Graphically,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 51-68, 2010. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262687526

[7] Baraka R. and Delloul Y., “Building Hadith Ontology to Support the Authenticity of Isnad,” International Journal on Islamic Applications in Computer Science and Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25-39, 2014. file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/674-754-1-PB.pdf

[8] Basharat A., Abro B., Arpinar I., and Rasheed K., “Semantic Hadith: Leveraging Linked Data Opportunities for Islamic Knowledge,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on Linked Data on the Web Co-Located with 25th International World Wide, Montreal, pp 1-10, 2016. https://ceur- ws.org/Vol-1593/

[9] Beirade F., Azzoune H., and Zegour D., “Semantic Query for Quranic Ontology,” Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 753-760, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2019.04.005

[10] Bendjamaa F., Taleb N., and Arari N., “An Ontological Model of Hadith Texts,” International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 367- 371, 2020. https://thesai.org/Publications/ViewPaper?Volum e=11&Issue=4&Code=IJACSA&SerialNo=51

[11] Ghanem M., Mouloudi A., and Mourchid M., “Creation and Populating of an Islamic Knowledge Ontology Using Extraction Pattern Bootstrapping,” in Proceedings of the 3rd National OntoDin: An Islamic Ontology of Quran and Hadith 785 Day on Engineering, Networks, and Telecommunications, Kenitra, pp. 36-39, 2015. https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4v3ndpel/

[12] Gruber T., “A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications,” Knowledge Acquisition, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 199-220, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1006/knac.1993.1008

[13] Hakkoum A. and Raghay S., “An Ontological Approach for Semantic Modeling and Querying the Qur’an,” International Journal on Islamic Applications in Computer Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37-45, 2016. file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/IMAN.pdf

[14] Harrag F., “Text Mining Approach for Knowledge Extraction in Sahih Al Bukhari,” Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 30, pp. 558-566, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.035

[15] Harrag F., Alothaim A., Abanmy A., Alomaigan F., and Alsalehi S., “Ontology Extraction Approach for Prophetic Narration (Hadith) Using Association Rules,” International Journal on Islamic Applications in Computer Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 17-26, 2013. https://www.sign-ific- ance.co.uk/index.php/IJASAT/article/view/483

[16] Junaidi J., Jamal I., Ghazali N., Ahmad H., and Salam R., “Expanding Hadith Understanding using Ontology,” Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, Advanced Science Letters, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 4611-4614, 2017. DOI:10.1166/asl.2017.8939

[17] Kazi1 Z., Kazi L., Radulovic B., and Bhatt M., “Ontology-based System for Conceptual Data Model,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 542- 551, 2016. https://ccis2k.org/iajit/PDF/vol.13,%20no.5/8333.pdf

[18] Khan H., Saqlain S., Shoaib M., and Sher M., “Ontology-based Semantic Search in Holy Quran,” International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 570-575, 2013. DOI:10.7763/IJFCC.2013.V2.229

[19] Noy N. and McGuinness D., Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology, Technical Report, 2001. https://www.bibsonomy.org/bibtex/12a496bb63d 728d96264a50c0a4960e9a

[20] Rusli A., Ridzuan F., Zaki Z., Sayuti M., and Salam R., “A Systematic Review on Semantic- based Ontology for Quranic Knowledge,” International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 80-86, 2018. DOI:10.14419/ijet.v7i4.15.21376

[21] Saad S., Salim N., Zainal H., and Muda Z., “A Process for Building Domain Ontology: An Experience in Developing Solat Ontology,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung, pp. 1-5, 2011. DOI:10.1109/ICEEI.2011.6021572

[22] Sadi A., Anam T., Abdirazak M., Adnan A., Khan S., Rahman M., and Samara G., “Applying Ontological Modeling on Quranic “Nature” Domain,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems, Irbid, pp. 151-155, 2016. DOI:10.1109/IACS.2016.7476102

[23] Sultana Z., Rahman M., Uddin M., and Arfat M., “Developing a Semantic Search Method for Retrieving Food-Related Verses and Concepts from the Holy Quran Using Ontology,” in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information and Communication Technology Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, pp. 1-5, 2021. DOI:10.1109/ICEEICT53905.2021.9667817

[24] Ta’a A., Abidin S., Abdullah M., Ali A., and Ahmad M., “Al-Quran Themes Classification Using Ontology,” in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computing and Informatics, Sarawak, pp. 28-30, 2013. DOI:10.1109/ICTC.2014.6983090