Abstract Throughput, energy efficiency and average packet delivery delay are some of the most crucial metrics that should be considered in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This paper proposes a modified Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for WSNs, called (MCA-MAC). MCA-MAC aims to improve the previous metrics and thus the overall performance of WSNs through using cooperative communication. It enables source nodes from using intermediate nodes as relays to send their data through them to the access point. MCA-MAC protocol is also acting as a cross layer protocol where the best end-to-end path between the source and destination is found through an efficient algorithm. Mathematical analysis demonstrates that MCA- MAC protocol can determine the optimal relay node that has the minimum transmission time for the given source-destination pair. Using Multi-Paradigm Programming Language (MATLAB) simulation environment, this paper estimates MCA-MAC protocol performance in terms of system throughput, energy efficiency and delay. The results show that MCA-MAC protocol outperforms the existing scheme called Throughput and Energy aware Cooperative MAC protocol (TEC-MAC) protocol under ideal and dynamic channel conditions. Under ideal conditions, MCA-MAC protocol achieved throughput, and energy efficiency improvements of 12%, and 50% respectively, more than TEC-MAC protocol. While the packet delay through using MCA-MAC has been decreased by about 48% less than TEC-MAC protocol.

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[20] Wu H., Cheng S., Peng Y., Long K., and Ma J., “IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination MCA-MAC: Modified Cooperative Access MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks 335 Function(DCF): Analysis and enhancement,” in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, New York, pp. 605-609, 2002, Aya Hossam received the B.S., M.S., Ph.D degree in electronics engineering from Benha University, Cairo, Egypt in 2012, 2015 and 2019 respectively. She is currently an Assistant Professor with the Electrical Engineering Department, electronics branch, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt. Her research interests include IoT, Signal processing, image processing, Acoustic devices, sensor networks and AI. She received the Best Student award from the President, the Best Student award from the Minister of High Education, and the Best Engineer award from President of Egyptian Engineers syndicate. Tarek Salem received his M.S. and Ph.D. in Systems and Computers Engineering from Al-Azhar University in 2012 and 2016, respectively. Since 2016, he is a researcher in Computers and Systems Department at the Electronics Research Institute (ERI) in Egypt. In addition, He is a Lecturer at Ahram Canadian University (ACU), faculty of computer science from 2018 till now. His research interests include internet of things, Mobile Computing, Cellular Networks, Sensor Networks, Cognitive Radio Networks, and Internet Services and Applications. Anar Abdel Hady is a Professional member of IEEE. She received her MSc degree from Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University in 2007. She received her PhD from Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University in 2014. She is currently a researcher in Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Egypt. She was a post doc scholar at Computer Science & Engineering at Washington University in St Louis, Missouri, USA in 2018-2019. Her research interests are wireless sensor networks, network security and Internet of Things. She is an author of many articles in reputable journals, conferences and book chapters. She was a Co-PI of an accomplished project for developing a prototype of a sensor network for precision agriculture. Sherine Abd El-Kader received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, in 1998 and 2003 respectively. She is vice president of ERI since 2019. She has been a Professor with the Computers and Systems Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), since April 2014. She is a member of the Technological Development and Linkage with Industry and Civil Society Committee, since 2016, and the Head of media committee, since 2017. She is the Head of the Computers and Systems Department, ERI, since 2018. She is also the Head of the Technology, Innovation and Commercialization Office (TICO), since 2018. She is working in many computer networking hot topics such as: the IoT, 5G, cognitive radio, Wi-MAX, Wi-Fi, IP mobility, QoS, wireless sensors Networks, ad-hoc networking, real time traffics, and localization algorithms.