Abstract Effort estimation undoubtedly happens in both software maintenance and software development phases. Researchers have been inventing many techniques to estimate change effort prior to implementing the actual change and one of the techniques is using impact analysis. A challenge of estimating a change effort during developing a software is the management of inconsistent states of software artifacts i.e., partially completed and to be developed artifacts. Our paper presents a novel model for estimating a change effort during the software development phase through integration between static and dynamic impact analysis. Three case studies of software development projects have been selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the model using the Mean Magnitude of Relative Error (MMRE) and Percentage of Prediction (PRED) metrics. The results indicated that the model has 22% MMRE relative error on average and the accuracy of our prediction was more than 75% across all case studies.

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[28] Zhou R. and Hansen E., “Breadth-First Heuristic Search,” Artificial Intelligence, vol. 170, no. 4-5, p. 385-408, 2006. Nazri Kama obtained his first degree at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in Management Information System in 2000, second degree in Real Time Software Engineering at the same university in 2002 and his PhD at The University of Western Australia (UWA) in Software Engineering in 2010. He has a considerable experience in a wide range on Software Engineering area. His major involvement is in software development. Sufyan Basri obtained his first degree at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in Electrical Engineering (Mechatronic) in 2001, master degree in Real Time Software Engineering in 2003 and PhD in Software Engineering in 2016 at the same university. His research interest includes Software Engineering, Change Management and Effort Estimation. He has more than 10 years of experiences for various software development projects and implementations. Saiful Adli Ismail obtained his first degree at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in Industrial Computing in 1997, second degree in Real Time Software Engineering at the same university in 2000 and currently continues his PhD at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Roslina Ibrahim is currently attached to Advanced Informatics School (AIS) at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. She holds a PhD in information science from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and master degree in computer science. Her research interests are user acceptance of information systems, design and developments of educational games and usability evaluation. She has 15 years experiences in teaching several IT related courses both for undergraduate and postgraduate students, including IT and multimedia, Web development, audio and video in multimedia, instructional multimedia design, IT Project Management, User Experience and Interaction Design and Research methodology.