The International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT)

..............................
..............................
..............................


Hybridized Clustering Algorithm and Ensemble Learning for Monitoring Paddy Crop Growth Analysis

In food security control and agricultural management, crop monitoring is important to improve the crop yield rate and ensure the paddy growth. The paddy crop is monitored via remote sensing satellite images that cover the entire cultivating region. The satellite images are affected due to satellite movement and human errors, which causes over fitting issues. In addition, the remote images are facing difficulties while managing system robustness. The research issue is overcome by applying the Hybridized Clustering Algorithm-based Ensemble Learning Hybridized Clustering Algorithm with Ensemble Learning (HCA- EL) approach. Initially, the satellite images are handled to remove geometric, radiometric, and atmospheric corrections using pre-processing techniques. This process uses the Ground Control Points (GCP) and histogram process to remove unwanted information. Then vegetation index value data points are obtained to progress the overall crop monitoring. The data points are analyzed using spectral clustering based on the eigenvector and eigenvalue, minimizing the dimensionality issues. Finally, the crop monitoring criteria, such as soil quality and water levels are computed to improve paddy growth. The monitoring process is done with the help of the Ensemble Learning Extreme Networks (ELEN), which uses the voting criteria to identify the quality parameters. The HCA-EL approach-based crop monitoring process was implemented using the Python tool with respective performance metrics like Accuracy, Error Rate, MCC and F1-Score.

[1] Abinaya M., Durgadevi N., Ramya K., Pradeepa I., Balamurugan R., and Nirmal R., “Significance of Water Management and Conservation in Agriculture,” The Pharma Innovation Journal, vol. 9, pp. 174-175, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338447 942_Significance_of_water_management_and_c onservation_in_agriculture

[2] Agarwal S., Water Usage in Agriculture and How it Can be Managed, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/ water-usage-in-agriculture-how-it-can-be- managed/, Last Visited, 2024.

[3] Ajith K., Geethalakshmi V., Ragunath K., Pazhanivelan S., and Panneerselvam S., “Rice Acreage Estimation in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu Using Lands at 8 OLIIMAGES and GIS Techniques,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 2327-2335, 2017. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.275

[4] Ali A., Savin I., Poddubskiy A., Abouelghar M., Saleh N., “Integrated method for rice cultivation monitoring using Sentinel-2 data and Leaf Area Index Egypt,” Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 431- 441, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2020.06.007

[5] Aqdam K., Rezapour S., Asadzadeh F., and Nouri A., “An Integrated Approach for Estimating Soil Health: Incorporating Digital Elevation Models and Remote Sensing of Vegetation,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 210, pp. 107922, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2023.107922

[6] Azedou A., Amine A., Kisekka I., Lahssini S., and Bouziani Y., “Enhancing Land Cover/Land Use (LCLU) Classification Through a Comparative Analysis of Hyperparameters Optimization Approaches for Deep Neural Network (DNN),” Ecological Informatics, vol. 78, pp. 102333, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102333

[7] Belkin M. and Niyogi P., “Laplacian Eigenmaps and Spectral Techniques for Embedding and Clustering,” in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems: Natural and Synthetic, Vancouver, pp. 585-591, 2001.

[8] Chai T. and Draxler R., “Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) or Mean Absolute Error (MAE),” Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1247-1250, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-7-1247-2014

[9] Claverie M., Ju J., Masek J., Dungun J., and Vermote E., “The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Data Set,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 219, pp.145-161, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.09.002

[10] CopernicusProgramme, https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/coper nicus, Last Visited, 2024.

[11] Devi T. and Neelamegam P., “Image Processing Based Rice Plant Leaves Diseases in Thanjavur, Tamilnadu,” Cluster Computing, vol. 22, pp. 13415-13428, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-1949-x

[12] Divakar M., Sarith M., Elayidom M S., and Rajesh R., “Design and Implementation of an Efficient and Cost Effective Deep Feature Learning Model for Rice Yield Mapping,” International Journal of Computational Science and Engineering, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 128-139, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCSE.2022.122205

[13] El-Hokayem L., De Vita P., and Conrad C., “Local Identification of Groundwater Dependent Vegetation Using High-Resolution Sentinel-2 Data-A Mediterranean Case Study,” Ecological Hybridized Clustering Algorithm and Ensemble Learning for Monitoring Paddy Crop Growth … 687 Indicator, vol. 146, pp. 109784, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109784

[14] Geetha M., Suganthe R., Nivetha S., Anju R., and Anuradha R., “A Time-Series Based Yield Forecasting Model Using Stacked LSTM to Predict the Yield of Paddy in Cauvery Delta Zone in Tamilnadu,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Information and Communication Technologies, Trichy, pp. 1-6, 2022. doi: 10.1109/ICEEICT53079.2022.9768441

[15] Guan K., Li Z., Rao L., Gao F., and Xie D., “Mapping Paddy Rice Area and Yields Over Thai Binh Province in Viet Nam from MODIS, Landsat, and ALOS-2/PALSAR-2,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, vol. 11, pp. 2238-2252, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2834383

[16] Hummel P., “Remotely Sensed Ground Control Points,” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. XLI-B7, pp. 797-802, 2016. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B7-797- 2016

[17] Jana B., Thotakura H., Baliyan A., Sankararao M., and Deshmukh R., “Pixel Density Based Trimmed Median Filter for Removal of Noise from Surface Image,” Applied Nanoscience, vol. 13, pp. 1017- 1028, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021- 01950-0

[18] Joshua V., Priyadharson S., and Kannadasan R., “Exploration of Machine Learning Approaches for Paddy Yield Prediction in Eastern Part of Tamilnadu,” Agronomy, vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 2068, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102068

[19] Joyalata L., Saxena K., Rakesh M., and Rao K., “Soil Quality and Soil Health: A Review,” International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, vol. 38, no. 1, 2012.

[20] Kanjir U., Duric N., and Veljanovski T., “Sentinel- 2 Based Temporal Detection of Agricultural Land Use Anomalies in Support of Common Agricultural Policy Monitoring,” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 7, pp. 405, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7100405

[21] Kayad A., Sozzi M., Gatto S., Marinello F., and Pirotti F., “Monitoring Within-Field Variability of Corn Yield Using Sentinel-2 and Machine Learning Techniques,” Remote Sensing, vol. 11, no. 23, pp. 2873, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11232873

[22] Khanal S., Fulton J., and Shearer S., “An Overview of Current and Potential Applications of Thermal Remote Sensing in Precision Agriculture,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 139, pp. 22-32, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.05.001

[23] Kowe P., Mutanga O., Odindi J., and Dube T., “A Quantitative Framework for Analysing Long Term Spatial Clustering and Vegetation Fragmentation in an Urban Landscape Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data,” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, vol. 88, pp. 102057, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2020.102057

[24] Lakhiar I., Gao J., Syed T., Chandio F., and Buttar N., “Monitoring and Control Systems in Agriculture Using Intelligent Sensor Techniques: A Review of the Aeroponic System,” Journal of Sensors, vol. 2018, no. 672769, pp. 1-18, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8672769

[25] Laso F., Benítez F., Rivas-Torres G., Sampedro C., and Arce-Nazario J., “Land Cover Classification of Complex Agroecosystems in the Non-Protected Highlands of the Galapagos Islands,” Remote Sensing, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 65, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010065

[26] Mandal D., Kumar V., Ratha D., Dey S., and Bhattacharya A., “Dual Polarimetric Radar Vegetation Index for Crop Growth Monitoring Using Sentinel-1 SAR Data,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 247, pp. 111954, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111954

[27] Maponya M., Niekerk A., and Mashimby Z., “Pre- Harvest Classification of Crop Types Using a Sentinel-2 Time-Series and Machine Learning,” Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 169, pp. 105164, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.105164

[28] Mohammed A. and Kora R., “A Comprehensive Review on Ensemble Deep Learning: Opportunities and Challenges,” Computer and Information Sciences, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 757-774, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.01.014

[29] Moradi E. and Sharifi A., “A Fast Radiometric Correction Method for Sentinel-2 Satellite Images,” Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology, vol. 93, no. 10, pp. 1709-1714, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-11-2020-0262

[30] Pozzobon de Bem P., Abílio de Carvalho Júnior O., Ferreira de Carvalho O., Arnaldo Trancoso Gomes R., and Fontes Guimarāes R., “Irrigated Rice Crop Identification in Southern Brazil Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Sentinel-1 Time Series,” Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, vol. 24, pp. 100627, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2021.100627

[31] Prakash M., Pazhanivelan S., Ragunath K., Muthumanickam D., and Sivamurugan A., “Paddy Area Estimation in Cauvery Delta Region Using Synthetic Aperture Radar,” International Journal of Environment, Ecology and Conservation, vol. 688 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 21, No. 4, July 2024 13, no. 10, pp. S517-S522, 2022. DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102630

[32] Ramesh S. and Vydeki D., “Recognition and Classification of Paddy Leaf Diseases Using Optimized Deep Neural Network with Jaya Algorithm,” Information Processing in Agriculture, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 249-260, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2019.09.002

[33] Rammohan S., Niveditha V., Singh A., and Yuvarani T., “Crop Yield Forecast Using a Hybrid Framework of Deep CNN with RNN Technique,” Computing Technologies and Applications, 2021.

[34] S2 Mission, https://sentiwiki.copernicus.eu/web/s2-mission, Last Visited, 2024.

[35] Saiz-Rubio V. and Rovira-Mas F., “From Smart Farming towards Agriculture 5.0: A Review on Crop Data Management,” Agronomy, vol. 10, no. 2 pp. 207, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020207

[36] Samsuddin S., Abdul-Maulud K., Sharil S., Karim O., and Pradhan B., “Monitoring of Three Stages of Paddy Growth Using Multispectral Vegetation Index Derived from UAV Images,” The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 989-998. DOI:10.1016/j.ejrs.2023.11.005

[37] SentinelOnline, https://sentinel.esa.int/web/sentinel/home, Last Visited, 2024.

[38] Sethy P., Behera S., Kannan N., Narayanan S., and Pandey C., “Smart Paddy Field Monitoring System Using Deep Learning and IoT,” Concurrent Engineering, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 16-24, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1063293X21988944

[39] Sharma P., Kumar P., Srivastava H., and Sivasankar T., “Assessing the Potentials of Multi- Temporal Sentinel-1 SAR Data for Paddy Yield Forecasting Using Artificial Neural Network,” Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, vol. 50, pp. 895-907, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01499-7

[40] Su W., Zhang M., Jiang K., Zhu D., and Huang J., “Atmospheric Correction Method for Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery,” Acta Optica Sinica, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 0128001, 2018.

[41] Surega R. and Neelakantan R., “Geoinformatics for Agricultural Land Suitability Assessment for Sustainable Land Management in Thanjavur District, South India,” International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 90- 101, 2022. https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2201572.pdf

[42] Susan J. and Subashini P., “Deep Learning Inpainting Model on Digital and Medical Images- A Review,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 20, no. 6, 2023. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/20/6/9

[43] ThanjavurDistrict, https://tnfusa.org/mannvaasanai/thanjavu/, Last Visited, 2024.

[44] Umatani R., Imai T., Kawamoto K., and Kunimasa S., “Time Series Clustering with an EM Algorithm for Mixtures of Linear Gaussian State Space Models,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 138, pp. 109375, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2023.109375

[45] Venkatesan R. and Prabu S., “Preprocessing of Multimodal Hyperspectral Imaging Using Anisotropic Diffusion Approach,” Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, vol. 15, pp. 2617-2624, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2018.7509

[46] Wu C. and Zhang J., “Self-Supervised Spectral Clustering with Spectral Embedding for Hyperspectral Image Classification,” International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol. 45, no. 12, pp. 3913-3936, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2024.2358547

[47] Yu N., Li L., Schmitz N., Tian L., Greenberg J., and Diers B., “Development of Methods to Improve Soybean Yield Estimation and Predict Plant Maturity with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Based Platform,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 187, pp. 91-101, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.10.005

[48] Zhao Y., Huang B., and Song H., “A Robust Adaptive Spatial and Temporal Image Fusion Model for Complex Land Surface Changes,” Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 208, pp. 4262, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2018.02.009