The International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT)

..............................
..............................
..............................


Forecasting the Spread of Viral Diseases in Jordan Using the SARIMA Statistical Model

Time series models can help predict disease. Incidence data can be used to predict future disease outbreaks. Advances in modeling techniques allow us to compare the predictive capabilities of different time series models. Public health monitoring systems give essential data for accurate forecasting of future epidemics. This paper describes a study that used two types of infectious disease data, namely Mumps and Chickenpox, collected from a department of statistics open source data in mainland Jordan, to assess the performance of time series methods, specifically seasonal autoregressive integrated moving-average with exogenous regressors. The data collected from 2000 to 2023 were used as modeling and forecasting samples, respectively. The performance was evaluated using two metrics: mean absolute error and mean squared error. The statistical models’ accuracy in predicting future epidemic illnesses established their use in epidemiological monitoring. The seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with exogenous regressors model, which was used to estimate total mumps cases in Jordan, was applied to a real dataset over the years 2000 to 2023. The dataset was separated into three groups: 78% training, 9% validation, and 13% testing. The results showed a mean squared error of 26629 and a mean absolute error of 152. The model predicted that Jordan will have 2341 cases of mumps by 2028.

[1] Ajagbe S. and Adigun M., “Deep Learning Techniques for Detection and Prediction of Pandemic Diseases: A Systematic Literature Review,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 5893-5927, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11042-023-15805-Z

[2] Al-Khateeb S. and Jaradat A., “Using of Multivariate Linear Regression and Exponential Smoothing Model to Predict the Gross Domestic Product in Jordan,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology: Cybersecurity Challenges for Sustainable Cities, Amman, pp. 143-148, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIT58056.2023.10225985

[3] Chadaga K., Prabhu S., Sampathila N., Chadaga R., Umakanth S., Bhat D., and GS S., “Explainable Artificial Intelligence Approaches for COVID-19 Prognosis Prediction Using Clinical Markers,” Scientific Reports, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598- 024-52428-2

[4] Chicken Pox-Students|Britannica Kids| Homework Help, https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/chicke n-pox/310669, Last Visited, 2024.

[5] Chugh V., Basu A., Kaushik A., Manshu N., Bhansali S., and Basu A., “Employing Nano- Enabled Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Smart Technologies for Prediction, Screening, and Detection of Cancer,” Nanoscale, vol. 16, no. 11, pp. 5458-5486, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3NR05648A

[6] Colubri A., Silver T., Fradet T., Retzepi K., Fry B., and Sabeti P., “Transforming Clinical Data into Actionable Prognosis Models: Machine-Learning Framework and Field-Deployable App to Predict Outcome of Ebola Patients,” PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 0004549, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PNTD.0004549

[7] Das A., Choudhury D., and Sen A., “A Collaborative Empirical Analysis on Machine Learning Based Disease Prediction in Health Care System,” International Journal of Information Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 261-270, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/S41870-023-01556-5

[8] Forecasting SARIMAX and ARIMA Models- Skforecast Docs, https://joaquinamatrodrigo.github.io/skforecast/0. 7.0/user_guides/forecasting-sarimax-arima.html, Last Visited, 2024.

[9] Husnain A., Hussain H., Shahroz H., Ali M., Gill A., and Rasool S., “Exploring AI and Machine Learning Applications in Tackling COVID-19 Challenges,” Revista Espanola de Documentacion Cientifica, vol. 18, no. 02, pp. 19-40, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3989/REDC

[10] Ibrahim M., Abbas S., Fatima A., Ghazal T., Saleem M., Alharbi M., Alotaibi F., Adnan Khan M., Waqas M., and Elmitwally N., “Fuzzy-Based Fusion Model for β-Thalassemia Carriers Prediction Using Machine Learning Technique,” Advances in Fuzzy Systems, vol. 2024, no. 1, pp. 4468842, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4468842

[11] Iwendi C., Huescas C., Chakraborty C., and Mohan S., “COVID-19 Health Analysis and Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Mexico and Brazil Patients,” Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 315-335, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/0952813X.2022.2058097

[12] Juraphanthong W. and Kesorn K., “The Intelligent Approach of Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Semantic (ARIMAXS) Variables for COVID-19 Incidence Prediction,” 994 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 21, No. 6, November 2024 vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 207-216, 2024. https://doi.org/10.24507/icicelb.15.02.207

[13] Kane M., Price N., Scotch M., and Rabinowitz P., “Comparison of ARIMA and Random Forest Time Series Models for Prediction of Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks,” BMC Bioinformatics, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-9, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471- 2105-15-276/FIGURES/6

[14] Koenig K., Shastry S., Mzahim B., Almadhyan A., and Burns M., “Mumps virus: Modification of the Identify-Isolate-Inform Tool for Frontline Healthcare Providers,” Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 490-496, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5811/WESTJEM.2016.6.30793

[15] Kumar Y., Kaur I., and Mishra S., “Foodborne Disease Symptoms, Diagnostics, and Predictions Using Artificial Intelligence-Based Learning Approaches: A Systematic Review,” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 553-578, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11831-023-09991- 0/METRICS

[16] Lab-Smile/DeepDynaForecast: Deep Dynamic Tree, (n.d.), https://github.com/lab- smile/DeepDynaForecast, Last Visited, 2024.

[17] Majumdar A., Debnath T., Sood S., and Baishnab K., “Kyasanur Forest Disease Classification Framework Using Novel Extremal Optimization Tuned Neural Network in Fog Computing Environment,” Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 1-16, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10916-018-1041- 3/FIGURES/9

[18] MOH-Communicable Diseases Directorate, https://moh.gov.jo/en/Subsite/communicable, Last Visited, 2024.

[19] Montserrat Health Officials Warn of Spike in Chickenpox Cases, Loop Caribbean News, https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/montserr at-health-officials-warn-spike-chickenpox-cases, Last Visited, 2024.

[20] Mulla S., Pande C., and Singh S., “Times Series Forecasting of Monthly Rainfall Using Seasonal Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average with EXogenous Variables (SARIMAX) Model,” Water Resources Management, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 1825-1846, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11269-024-03756- 5/METRICS

[21] Nancy V., Prabhavathy P., and Arya M., “Role of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in Skin Disease Prediction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Annals of Data Science, pp. 1-31, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40745-023-00503- 2/METRICS

[22] Solomon D., Kumar S., Kanwar K., Iyer S., and Kumar M., “Extensive Review on the Role of Machine Learning for Multifactorial Genetic Disorders Prediction,” Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 623- 640, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11831-023- 09996-9/METRICS

[23] Sun C., Fang R., Salemi M., Prosperi M., and Magalis B., “DeepDynaForecast: Phylogenetic- Informed Graph Deep Learning for Epidemic Transmission Dynamic Prediction,” PLOS Computational Biology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1011351, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PCBI.1011351

[24] Table 2: Number of Epidemic Diseases Cases by Month (2000-2022), PxWeb, https://jorinfo.dos.gov.jo/Databank/pxweb/en/En vironment/Environment__Human_comm__Healt h__AirPollutionDiseases/Helth_02.px/, Last Visited, 2024.

[25] Theijeswini R., Basu S., Swetha R., Tharmalingam J., Ramaiah S., Calaivanane R., Sreedharan V., Livingstone P., and Anbarasu A., “Prophylactic and Therapeutic Measures for Emerging and Re-Emerging Viruses: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning-the Key to a Promising Future,” Health and Technology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 251-261, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12553-024-00816- Z/METRICS

[26] Wu F., Wang P., Yang H., Wu J., Liu Y., Yang Y., Zuo Z., Wu T., and Li J., “Research on Predicting Hematoma Expansion in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Based on Deep Features of the VGG-19 Network,” Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/POSTMJ/QGAE037

[27] Zhang T., Rabhi F., Chen X., Paik H., and MacIntyre C., “A Machine Learning-Based Universal Outbreak Risk Prediction Tool,” Computers in Biology and Medicine, vol. 169, pp. 107876, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPBIOMED.2023.1 07876

[28] Zhang X., Zhang T., Young A., and Li X., “Applications and Comparisons of Four Time Series Models in Epidemiological Surveillance Data,” Plos One, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 88075, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.00880 75