
Integrating UAV Networks and Edge Computing for Smart Cities: Architecture, Techniques, and Future Trends
The future of Consumer Electronics (CEs) is moving rapidly towards Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS), wearables, and Explainable AI (XAI). UAS are facilitating near real-time aerial monitoring of the environment, wearables permit continuous monitoring of physiological and biometric data, and XAI is the next step toward transparency in systems through XAI informed decision-making that users of Artificial Intelligence (AI)can trust and understand. In this paper, we propose a new multi-modal architecture that integrates UAS, wearable devices, and XAI to generate an intelligent and adaptive CE ecosystem. The architecture proposed uses a sequential data gathering process involving UAS and wearables, and the multi-modal data are fused and modeled using machine learning techniques. Transparency and user accountability can be established through the use of XAI systems like Hapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) and Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME) to provide clear and actionable explanation of AI-driven outputs. Our results indicate accuracy of 92% with an explanation fidelity of 95%, a significant improvement over conventional technology. In addition, the proposed architecture will have tremendous potential for disruption in the healthcare, fitness, and smart home spaces, as personalization and ethical use of data are paramount. The novel contributions of this work in uniquely bringing together aerial monitoring, physiological monitoring, and AI, furthers toward the goals of building trustworthiness in CEs and user-centered intelligent systems.
[1] Ajakwe S., Nwakanma C., Kim D., and Lee J., “Key Wearable Device Technologies Parameters for Innovative Healthcare Delivery in B5G Network: A Review,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 49956-49974, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3173643
[2] Arreche O., Guntur T., Roberts J., and Abdallah M., “E-XAI: Evaluating Black-Box Explainable AI Frameworks for Network Intrusion Detection,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 23954-23988, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3365140
[3] Chen H. and Mason C., “Explainable AI (XAI) for Constructing a Lexicon for Classifying Green Energy Jobs: A Comparative Analysis of Occupation, Industry, and Location Composition with Traditional Energy Jobs,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 142709-142720, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3430317
[4] Chowdhury D., Sinha A., and Das D., “XAI-3DP: Diagnosis and Understanding Faults of 3-D Printer with Explainable Ensemble AI,” IEEE Sensors Letters, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-4, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2022.3228327
[5] Do Q., Tran A., Lakew D., Kim H., and et al., “UAV-Satellite Integration for Communication System: Potential Applications and Key Challenges,” in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence, Jeju Island, pp. 663-665, 2023. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10392976
[6] Dunkelberger N., Sullivan J., Bradley J., Manickam I., and et al., “A Multisensory Approach to Present Phonemes as Language through a Wearable Haptic Device,” IEEE Transactions on Haptics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 188- 199, 2021. DOI: 10.1109/TOH.2020.3009581
[7] Faisal F., Mahmoud M., Hassan A., Mostafa S., and Gunasekaran S., “Enhancing IoV Integration: The Critical Role of Secure Data Transmission in IoT and Electric Vehicle Ecosystems,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 888-904, 2025. https://doi.org/10.34028/iajit/22/5/4
[8] Gummadi A., Napier J., and Abdallah M., “XAI- IoT: An Explainable AI Framework for Enhancing Anomaly Detection in IoT Systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 71024-71054, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3402446
[9] Guo Z., Cao J., Bai X., Li A., and et al., “Shake, Shake, I Know Who You Are: Authentication Through Smart Wearable Devices,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 23, no. 21, pp. 26786-26795, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2023.3315523
[10] Kim J. and Kim S., “Data Analysis for Thermal Disease Wearable Devices,” Journal of Web Engineering, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 89-102, 2021. https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2014
[11] Kuang L., Ferro M., Malvezzi M., Prattichizzo D., and et al., “A Wearable Haptic Device for the Hand with Interchangeable End-Effectors,” IEEE Transactions on Haptics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 129- 139, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/TOH.2023.3284980
[12] Kumar A., Singh U., and Pradhan B., “Enhancing Interpretability in Deep Learning-Based Inversion of 2-D Ground Penetrating Radar Data: An Integrating UAV Networks and Edge Computing for Smart Cities: Architecture ... 1163 Explainable AI (XAI) Strategy,” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 21, pp. 1-5, 2024. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10530263
[13] Lee J., Bae B., Kim B., Lim J., and Lee B., “A Load-Independent Battery Charging System for Multiple Wearable Devices Using Conductive Textile,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 15211-15215, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2024.3363752
[14] Lee K., Lee M., Kang D., Kim S., and et al., “Intelligent Bladder Volume Monitoring for Wearable Ultrasound Devices: Enhancing Accuracy Through Deep Learning-based Coarse- to-Fine Shape Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control, vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 775-785, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2024.3350033
[15] Mesa J., MacLean M., Maria M., Nguyen A., and et al., “A Wearable Device Towards Automatic Detection and Treatment of Opioid Overdose,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 396-407, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2023.3331272
[16] Pathak N., Mukherjee A., and Misra S., “SemBox: Semantic Interoperability in a Box for Wearable e-Health Devices,” IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 2306- 2313, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2022.3168071
[17] Saha R., Kaffash Z., and Mirbozorgi S., “Multi- Resonator Wireless Inductive Power Link for Wearables on the 2D Surface and Implants in 3D Space of the Human Body,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1024-1036, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/TBCAS.2024.3375794
[18] Sharma N., Shahid S., Kumar S., Sharma S., and et al., “XAI-VSDoA: An Explainable AI-Based Scheme Using Vital Signs to Assess Depth of Anesthesia,” IEEE Access, vol. 12, pp. 119185- 119206, 2024. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3449704
[19] Sinha A. and Das D., “XAI-LCS: Explainable AI- Based Fault Diagnosis of Low-Cost Sensors,” IEEE Sensors Letters, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1-4, 2023. DOI: 10.1109/LSENS.2023.3330046
[20] Tyrovolas D., Tegos S., Diamantoulakis P., and Karagiannidis G., “Synergetic UAV-RIS Communication with Highly Directional Transmission,” IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 583-587, 2022. DOI: 10.1109/LWC.2021.3136912
[21] Whiston A., Igou E., Fortune D., Analog Devices Team., and Semkovska M., “Examining Stress and Residual Symptoms in Remitted and Partially Remitted Depression Using a Wearable Electrodermal Activity Device: A Pilot Study,” IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine, vol. 11, pp. 96-106, 2023. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC98334 95/