The International Arab Journal of Information Technology (IAJIT)

..............................
..............................
..............................


A VANET Collision Warning System with Cloud Aided Pliable Q-Learning and Safety Message Dissemination

Ease of self-driving technological developments revives Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) and motivates the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to develop novel intelligent solutions to amplify the VANET safety and efficiency. Collision warning system plays a significant role in VANET due to the avoidance of fatalities in vehicle crashes. Different kinds of collision warning systems have been designed for diverse VANET scenarios. Among them, reinforcement-based machine learning algorithms receive much attention due to the dispensable of explicit modeling about the environment. However, it is a censorious task to retrieve the Q-learning parameters from the dynamic VANET environment effectively. To handle such issue and safer the VANET driving environment, this paper proposes a cloud aided pliable Q-Learning based Collision Warning Prediction and Safety message Dissemination (QCP-SD). The proposed QCP-SD integrates two mechanisms that are pliable Q-learning based collision prediction and Safety alert Message Dissemination. Firstly, the designing of pliable Q-learning parameters based on dynamic VANET factors with Q-learning enhances collision prediction accuracy. Further, it estimates the novel metric named as Collision Risk Factor (CRF) and minimizes the driving risks due to vehicle crashes. The execution of pliable Q-learning only at RSUs minimizes the vehicle burden and reduces the design complexity. Secondly, the QCP-SD sends alerts to the vehicles in the risky region through highly efficient next-hop disseminators selected based on a multi-attribute cost value. Moreover, the performance of QCP-SD is evaluated through Network Simulator (NS-2). The efficiency is analyzed using the performance metrics that are duplicate packet, latency, packet loss, packet delivery ratio, secondary collision, throughput, and overhead.

[1] Ali M., Mali A., Rahman A., Iqbal S., and Hamayun M., “Position-Based Emergency Message Dissemination for Internet of Vehicles,” International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, vol. 15, no. 7, 2019.

[2] Arena F. and Pau G., “An Overview of Vehicular Communications,” Future Internet, vol. 11, no. 27, pp. 27, 2019.

[3] Bae I., “An Intelligent Broadcasting Algorithm for Early Warning Message Dissemination in VANETs,” Mathematical Problems in Engineering, pp. 1-8, 2015.

[4] Bibi R., Saeed Y., Zeb A., Ghazal T., Rahman T., Said R., and Khan M., “Edge AI-Based Automated Detection and Classification of Road Anomalies in VANET Using Deep Learning,” Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, pp. 1-16, 2021.

[5] Bi Y., Shan H., Shen X., Wang N., and Zhao H., “A Multi-Hop Broadcast Protocol for Emergency Message Dissemination in Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 736-750, 2016.

[6] Chaqfeh M., El-Sayed H., and Lakas A., “Efficient Data Dissemination for Urban Vehicular Environments,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1-11, 2018.

[7] Eze E., Zhang S., Liu E., and Eze J., “Advances in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (Vanets): Challenges and Road-Map for Future Development,” International Journal of Automation and Computing, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1- 18, 2016.

[8] Gao Q., Yin H., and Zhang W., “Lane Departure Warning Mechanism of Limited False Alarm Rate Using Extreme Learning Residual Network and ϵ-Greedy LSTM,” Sensors, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 644, 2020.

[9] Ghazi M., Khan M., Shabir B., Malik A., and Ramzan M., “Emergency Message Dissemination in Vehicular Networks: A Review,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 38606-38621, 2020.

[10] Joerer S., Bloess B., and Sommer C., “A Vehicular Networking Perspective on Estimating Vehicle Collision Probability at Intersections,” IEEE Trans on Vehicular Technology, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 1802-1812, 2014.

[11] Lee J., Wang C., and Chuang M., “Fast and Reliable Emergency Message Dissemination Mechanism in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks,” in Proceeding of IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference, Sydney, pp. 1-6, 2010.

[12] Liang L., Ye H., and Li G., “Towards Intelligent Vehicular Networks: A Machine Learning Framework,” IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 124-135, 2018.

[13] Li S. and Huang C., “A Multihop Broadcast Mechanism for Emergency Messages Dissemination in VANETs,” in Proceeding of IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference, pp. 932-937, 2018.

[14] Liu T., Shi S., and Gu X., “Naive Bayes Classifier Based Driving Habit Prediction Scheme for VANET Stable Clustering,” Mobile Networks and Applications, vol. 25, pp. 1708- 1714, 2020.

[15] Liu B., Jia D., Wang J., Lu K., and Wu L., “Cloud-Assisted Safety Message Dissemination in VANET-Cellular Heterogeneous Wireless Network,” IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 128-139, 2017.

[16] Mohanta B., Jena D., Mohapatra N., Ramasubbareddy S., and Rawal B., “Machine Learning Based Accident Prediction in Secure Iot Enable Transportation System,” Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 713-725, 2021.

[17] Pareek S. and Shanmughasundaram R., “Implementation of Broadcasting Protocol for Emergency Notification in Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET),” in Proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems, Madurai, 2018.

[18] Patel N. and Singh S., “A Survey on Techniques for Collision Prevention in VANET,” in Proceeding of International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, pp. 1663- 1666, 2016.

[19] Ramakrishnan D. and Radhakrishnan K., “Applying Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) Algorithm in the Cloud Autonomous 124 The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2023 Vehicles Traffic Model,” The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 186-194, 2022.

[20] Rasheed A., Gillani S., Ajmal S., and Qayyum A., “Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET): A Survey, Challenges, and Applications,” in Proceeding of Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, pp. 39-51, 2017.

[21] Raut S., Bajaj P., and Malik L., “Prediction of Vehicle Collision Probability at Intersection using V2V Communication,” International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 295-300, 2015.

[22] Road Safety Annual Report, International transport Forum, OECD/ITF, 2019.

[23] Sanguesa J., Fogue M., Garrido P., Martinez F., Cano J., and Calafate C., “A Survey and Comparative Study of Broadcast Warning Message Dissemination Schemes for VANETs,” Mobile Information Systems, pp. 1-18, 2016.

[24] Shah S., Malik A., Rahman A., Iqbal S., and Khan S., “Time Barrier based Emergency Message Dissemination in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 16494- 16503, 2019.

[25] Slavik M. and Mahgoub I., “Applying Machine Learning to The Design of Multi-Hop Broadcast Protocols for VANET,” in Proceeding of 7th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, Istanbul, pp. 1742-1747, 2011.

[26] World Health Organization (WHO) Releases the Global Status Report on Road Safety, 2018.

[27] Yanez A., Cespedes S., and Rubio-Loyola J., “CaSSaM: Context-aware System for Safety Messages Dissemination in VANETs,” in Proceeding of IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing, Medellin, pp. 1-8, 2018.

[28] Ye H., Liang L., and Li G, Kim J., Lu L., and Wu M., “Machine Learning for Vehicular Networks,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1712.07143, 2017.

[29] Zhang L., Gao D., Zhao W., and Chao H., “A Multilevel Information Fusion Approach for Road Congestion Detection in Vanets,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 8, no. 5-6, pp. 1206-1221, 2013.

[30] Zhao H., Cheng H., Mao T., and He C., “Research on Traffic Accident Prediction Model Based on Convolutional Neural Networks in VANET,” in Proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, Chengdu, pp. 79-84, 2019.