#Blockchain #blockchain frameworks #electronic voting #consensus #cryptography #scalability #threat analysis

#Federated learning # large language models # advertising data analysis # privacy‑preserving recommendations # prompt engineering

#Islamic architecture #deep learning #machine learning classifiers #Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) #LocalBinary Patterns (LBP) #Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) #image classificationReceived January 05 #2025; accepted March 15 #2025https://doi